How to Use Dual Prepositions in German

Most German prepositions are always  followed by the same case, but dual prepositions (also called two-way or doubtful prepositions) are prepositions that can take either the accusative or dative case. What Are the Dual Prepositions in German? There are nine of these dual  prepositions: anaufhinternebeninà ¼beruntervorzwischen How to Decide Whether A Dual Preposition Is Dative or Accusative? When a dual preposition answers the question where to? (wohin?) or what about? (worà ¼ber?), it takes the accusative case. When answering the question where (wo?), it takes the dative case.   In other words, the accusative prepositions typically refer to an action or movement to another place, whereas the dative prepositions refer to something that is not changing location.   Think about the English phrases he jumps into the water versus he is swimming in the water. The first answers a where to question: Where is he jumping? Into the water. Or in German, in das Wasser  or  ins Wasser. He is changing location by moving from the land into the water. The second phrase represents a where situation. Where is ​he swimming? In the water. In German, in dem Wasser  or  im Wasser. He is swimming inside the body of water and not moving in and out of that one location.   To express the two different situations, English uses two different prepositions:  in  or  into. To express the same idea, German uses one preposition —  in  Ã¢â‚¬â€ followed by either the accusative case (motion) or the dative (location). More About Using the Accusative Case If you want to convey a direction or destination in a sentence, youll need to use the accusative. These sentences will always answer the question where  to/wohin? For example: Die Katze springt auf den Stuhl. |  The cat jumps on(to) the chair.Wohin springt die Katze? Auf den Stuhl. | Where is the cat jumping? On(to) the chair. The accusative case is also used when you can ask what about/worà ¼ber? For example: Sie diskutieren à ¼ber den Film. |  They are discussing  the film.Worà ¼ber diskutieren sie? ÃÅ"ber den Film. | What are they talking about? About the film. More About Using the Dative Case The dative case is used to indicate a stable position or situation. It answers the question where/wo?  For example: Die Katze sitzt auf dem Stuhl. (The cat sits on the chair.) The dative is also used when there is no particular direction or goal intended.  For example: Sie ist die ganze Zeit in der Stadt herumgefahren.|  (She drove around town all day.) Remember that the above rules apply only to dual prepositions. Dative-only prepositions will always remain dative, even if the sentence indicates motion or direction.  Likewise, accusative-only prepositions will always remain accusative, even if no motion is described in the sentence.   Clever Ways to Remember  German Prepositions Arrow verses Blob Some find it easier to remember the accusative-versus-dative rule by thinking of the accusative  letter  A  on its side, representing an arrow ( ) for motion in a specific direction, and the dative letter D  on its side to represent a blob at rest. Of course, how you remember the difference matters little, as long as you have a clear understanding of when a two-way preposition uses the dative or accusative.   Rhyme Time --  Use the following rhyme to help  memorize dual-prepositions): An, auf, hinter, neben, in, à ¼ber, unter, vor und zwischenstehen mit dem vierten Fall, wenn man fragen kann â€Å"wohin,†mit dem dritten steh’n sie so,daß man nur fragen kann â€Å"wo.† Translated: At, on, behind, near, in, over, under, before and between Go with the fourth case, when one asks where to The third case is different: With that, you can only ask where. Dual Prepositions and Sample Sentences The following chart lists an example of the dative and accusative cases for several dual prepositions. Preposition Definition Dative Example Accusative Example an at, by, on Der Lehrer steht an der Tafel.The teacher is standing at the blackboard. Der Student schreibt es an die Tafel. The student writes it on the board. auf on, onto Sie sitzt auf dem Stuhl.She is sitting on the chair. Er legt das Papier auf den Tisch.He is putting the paper on the table. hinter behind Das Kind steht hinter dem Baum.The child is standing behind the tree. Die Maus là ¤uft hinter die Tà ¼r.The mouse runs behind the door. neben beside, near, next to Ich stehe neben der Wand. I stand next to the wall. Ich setzte mich neben ihn. I sat down next to him. in in, into, to Die Socken sind in der Schublade.The socks are in the drawer. Der Junge geht in die Schule.The boy goes to school. à ¼ber over (above), about, across Das Bild hà ¤ngt à ¼ber dem Schreibtisch.The picture hangs over the desk. Ãâ€"ffne den Regenschirm à ¼ber meinen Kopf. Open the umbrella over my head. unter under, below Die Frau schlà ¤ft unter den Bà ¤umen.The woman is sleeping under the trees. Der Hund là ¤uft unter die Brà ¼cke.The dog runs under the bridge. zwischen between Der Katze stand zwischen mir und dem Stuhl.The cat is between me and the chair. Sie stellte die Katze zwischen mich und den Tisch.She put the cat between me and the table. Test Yourself Answer this question: Is  in der Kirche  dative or accusative? Wo  or  wohin?   If you think that  in der Kirche  is dative and the phrase answers the question  wo?  then you are correct.  In der Kirche  means in (inside) the church, while  in die Kirche  means into the church (wohin?). Now you see yet another reason why you need to know your German genders. Knowing that church is  die Kirche, which changes to  der Kirche  in the dative case, is an essential element in using any preposition, but especially the two-way ones. Now well put the  Kirche  phrases into sentences to further illustrate the point: Akkusativ:  Die Leute gehen in die Kirche.  The people are going into the church.  Dativ:  Die Leute sitzen in der Kirche.  The people are sitting in the church.

Reflection Of The Gibbs Reflective Cycle - 945 Words

(Gibbs G, 1988) The introduction of the Gibbs reflective cycle helped the nurses to have a systematic thinking about the different activity phases (Huston, 2014). These logical elements of the procedure are describing the problem, feelings identification, evaluation, analysis, conclusion, and an action plan. Every stage is essential in carrying out the reflective processes for nurses. Nurses come across many situations that affect their emotions, ethical dilemmas, conflicts from the patient’s family and disrespectful colleague (Koutoukidis, Stainton, Hughson, Tabbner, 2013). All these are issues that should be addressed during the reflective process. The reflection helps to analyze the current situation through describing the problem. Common problems that surround nurses are disagreement between the nurse and the patient’s family, rudeness from fellow workers, physical injuries from a mental patient and insecurity issues when working in a mental ward. After describing the problem, the nurses will be allowed to explain what they felt about the situation. Description of the feelings will help increase self-awareness of the consequences in a positive way and effects of the problem. After collecting the individual experiences through interviewing or having a dialogue, the third step will be evaluating the experiences. At this stage, one has taken available notes on the experiences without criticizing the responses from the nurses (Nona, 2010). The fourth step is forShow MoreRelatedReflection Paper On The Gibbs Reflective Cycle1891 Words   |  8 PagesI will first introduce the reflective essay by highlighting my experience when l started the module. In order to provide a framework for this critical reflection essay, I will apply the Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1988) which entails describing the incident, my feelings, thoughts, evaluation and a critical analysis of the whole situation. 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Why did stalemate develop on the western front Free Essays

Stalemate; A deadlock in battle situation where neither side makes any progress. Stalemate occurred in the western front, during 1914-16 because of the threat of the Germans losing some land caught from the French, which the French regained after a counter-attack. Both countries decided to defend so therefore dug trenches from the Swiss mountains all the way to the sea. We will write a custom essay sample on Why did stalemate develop on the western front? or any similar topic only for you Order Now They did this because of the both the Generals had no back plan and couldn’t think of another plan. A further significance is that both armies were closely matched in strength and ammunition, even without same sized armies. During the 1914’s trench warfare had developed, instead of what happened in the Battle of the Somme, Generals make precautions to protect their armies. Subsequently after France’s counter-attack to regain the land lost to the Germans, Germany didn’t want to be pushed back any further, so the Germans decided to dig trenches starting from the Swiss mountains all the way to the sea. It was the race to the sea. An additional reason of why stalemate occurred was the superiority of defence. During the wars beyond the 1914 all the countries did was attack with either shells or running across no man’s land with guns. The only defence was the barbed wire. However after the Battle of the Somme, Private George Coppard said that hundreds of the soldiers had died on the enemy wire. He also said ‘The Germans must have been reinforcing the wire months. It was so thick that daylight could barley be seen through it’. This showed that the Germans had been thinking defensively as well has attackingly. Another defensive based weapon is the machine gun, the British and the French underestimated it, but the Germans used it more to a greater affect against their Allies. After the attacks, which caused heavy casualties both forces made sure, they had an endless supply of machine guns and ammunition. The trenches were also a strong defence as they sheltered troops and kept their territory behind them. During the battle of the Somme the Germans trenches were re-enforced inside with concrete showing that trenches were thought of a defence mechanism. The stalemate could have occurred by the fact that both Generals had a lack of military expertise. General Von Kluck and General Joffe had no back-up plans in case their original plans had failed. Also Generals had been using 19th century methods in a 20th century battle show their incompetence of the fighting a war. I know this because General Haig wanted to fight a battle with men on horseback showing his lack of skill of being a General. Another potential motive of stalemate is that both Armies were closely matched, but not in size, but in strength, weapons, ammunition and artillery. Both forces had the same weapons of defence and attack such as machine gun, barbed wire and shell ammunition. None of the forces had the same amount of troops in their armies as Russia had the largest Army but was badly organised which gave the Germans a small chance. The French and British Armies combined was a big force but so was the German’s and Austria-Hungary’s. Both Armies had adopted the same method of fighting making it even more of a closer combat. My conclusion is that stalemate occurred because, not one, but many reasons such as the incompetence of the Generals who didn’t have a back up plan so had to make do with trenches, also the way the weapons and way of fighting have changed from all out attack to a defensive encounter, which the generals couldn’t figure out. The most apparent reason I find is the how trench warfare had developed and the race to the sea, which showed that neither country didn’t, was to lose any more territory. How to cite Why did stalemate develop on the western front?, Papers

Water Quality and Contamination free essay sample

1. Develop a hypothesis on which water source you believe will contain the most and least contaminants. Hypothesis = I feels as though the tap water will contain the most contaminants, the bottle water will be sterile. The Dasani water has been treated, Fiji is natural spring water. Dasani will have the less contaminant 2. Based on the results of your experiment, would you reject or accept the hypothesis that you produced in question 1? Explain how you determined this. I feel as though the Dasani water was the purest. 3. Based on the results of your experiment, what major differences, if any, do you notice between the Dasani, Fiji, and tap water? Answer = I really could not see any difference between the 2 water. 4. Based on your results, do you believe that bottled water is worth the price? Why or why not? Answer = I would always choose bottled water opposed to tap water, Just because I know that the water has been treated. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Quality and Contamination or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The price of bottled water does not bother me at all, I feel as though it’s worth it. *NOTE – Do not forget to go to Lab 3: Biodiversity, and complete â€Å"Experiment 1: Diversity of Plants† steps 1 through 6. Steps 1 through 6 need to be completed in order to be prepared for Week Three, however, results for this experiment will not be calculated until next week. Thus, while nothing is to be handed in for this experiment until the end of Week Three you must plant the seeds this week to ensure that you can complete week 3 on time.

Equilibrium Movie Essay Example

Equilibrium Movie Paper There would be no reason for us to live If we could not share our God given abilities with other people. Errol Partridge was among the first to share this insight to us during the movie Equilibrium. When God created man he gave us free will with the ability to feel and have emotion that could allow us to dictate our lives and the way we live. In this film, man has been swept of all emotion and feeling. The meaning of words Like love, sorry, or even hello became useless because there was no emotion behind them. The intent that allows us to feel and express human emotion like sports, music, movies, and even our dress attire must be destroyed in this Utopian Society as soon as it is found. The idea of having such a Government ruling over us forcing us to take a pill that eliminates all human emotion is unreal. This drug known as Problem makes users minds become very monotonousness and eliminates any diversity In the characters lives. The emotionless state that the characters are In Is very unlike our society today, where laughter, love and anger are predominant. Errol Partridge was a Cleric of the Termination for many years. His Job was his meaning in life, as it was for many characters in this film. Until the day he met a particular sense offender named Mary OBrien who had ceased her doses of the pill. Instead of arresting her, he began ceasing his dose of Problem as well. At this time he was living two different Lives at the same time; his life as an unemotional Grammarian Cleric and his life as a rebel sense offender. One day his partner Grammarian Cleric First Class John Preston caught wind of a change in We will write a custom essay sample on Equilibrium Movie specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Equilibrium Movie specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Equilibrium Movie specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Partridges voice and began thinking his partner might be feeling. Although years had already gone by before anyone realized he was feeling and said anything to him about It. Then one night Preston followed Partridge out of the city to see what he had been doing out of the city so late Into the evening all alone. While Partridge was reading the book by W. B. Yeats, Preston came upon him and confirmed that he was indeed feeling. Errol then says to his partner you have always known Preston. This let Preston know that his assumptions of Partridge being a sense offender for the cast few years were correct. John then held the gun up to Rolls face and pulled the trigger. From ten moment Preston SKI a Nils partner Partridge en Degas to try to unreason the meaning of feeling. It takes him a few days and a few more incidents, but eventually he begins to understand the reasoning behind the emotion of his old partner. Errol Partridge makes a profound statement to John Preston a few days after he was killed, when Preston finds a picture of Errol and Mary together with the word freedom written on the back. This was the defining moment that allowed Preston to begin his Journey into the world of emotions. He realizes that feeling is what makes us human and allows us to be diverse. Although war and hatred are imminent, they are controllable with restraint. As humans we all have the ability to react to hatred in many ways, but the ability the restrain is also an emotion that we need in order to remain in control. Humans always have and always will react by their emotions, but there does need to be control and restraint to some of those reactions. We arent perfect as a civilization, but the more we learn about others the better we are able to understand how to react to lifes circumstances. Just as Errol Partridge believed, we have this ability, this God given Ability. Let no man take this free will of choice and emotion away from us. New Sentences When God created man he gave us free will with the ability to feel and have emotion that could allow us to dictate our lives and the way we live. The content that allows us to feel and express human emotion like sports, music, ivies, and even our dress attire must be destroyed in this Utopian Society as soon as it is found. The idea of having such a Government ruling over us forcing us to take a pill that eliminates all human emotion is unreal. This drug known as Premium makes users minds become very monotonousness and eliminates any diversity in the characters lives. Until the day he met a particular sense offender named Mary OBrien who had ceased her doses of the pill. While Partridge was reading the book by W. B. Yeats, Preston came upon him and confirmed that he was indeed feeling.

Free Essays on All Schools Should Wear Uniforms

such as â€Å"childish,† â€Å"inconvenience,† and â€Å"inappropriate† come to mind. However, high school teenagers wearing uniforms can be considered to be a good idea if you take the time out to think about the positive outcomes. Outcomes such as eliminating certain distractions and enforcing the importance of real world situations are a few examples of some of the pros of high school students wearing uniforms. Some critics think uniforms can be a bother to both the students as well as their parents, one reason being that the cost of uniforms is too expensive. The leading uniform companies’ prices can tend to be outrageous. Some parents and students also think that wearing uniforms puts a damper on these students’s individuality. One may believe that enforcing the use of uniforms throughout high school will take away from each student’s creativity and uniqueness among their fellow peers. Although some critics think uniforms can be a hassle to both students as well as their parents, other critics will argue that uniforms yield several benefits. Although some critics’ state that uniforms can be too expensive, with proper research and well-kept maintenance the use of uniforms can yield to the conservation of money. There are several manufacturing companies who sell uniforms for reasonable prices. The parents have to take it upon themselves to look around to try and find the better deal. Some critics say that wearing uniforms may also dampen a child’s individuality. Although some people may feel that clothing is a sign of individuality, it is not. It is through ones voice and character, which separates a child from its peers. It is not the shirt on one’s back, or the shoes one’s feet that makes up one’s individuality or uniqueness. The benefits of wearing uniforms are countless. One of the be... Free Essays on All Schools Should Wear Uniforms Free Essays on All Schools Should Wear Uniforms All high school should be required to wear uniforms. When some people think of high school students wearing uniforms the words such as â€Å"childish,† â€Å"inconvenience,† and â€Å"inappropriate† come to mind. However, high school teenagers wearing uniforms can be considered to be a good idea if you take the time out to think about the positive outcomes. Outcomes such as eliminating certain distractions and enforcing the importance of real world situations are a few examples of some of the pros of high school students wearing uniforms. Some critics think uniforms can be a bother to both the students as well as their parents, one reason being that the cost of uniforms is too expensive. The leading uniform companies’ prices can tend to be outrageous. Some parents and students also think that wearing uniforms puts a damper on these students’s individuality. One may believe that enforcing the use of uniforms throughout high school will take away from each student’s creativity and uniqueness among their fellow peers. Although some critics think uniforms can be a hassle to both students as well as their parents, other critics will argue that uniforms yield several benefits. Although some critics’ state that uniforms can be too expensive, with proper research and well-kept maintenance the use of uniforms can yield to the conservation of money. There are several manufacturing companies who sell uniforms for reasonable prices. The parents have to take it upon themselves to look around to try and find the better deal. Some critics say that wearing uniforms may also dampen a child’s individuality. Although some people may feel that clothing is a sign of individuality, it is not. It is through ones voice and character, which separates a child from its peers. It is not the shirt on one’s back, or the shoes one’s feet that makes up one’s individuality or uniqueness. The benefits of wearing uniforms are countless. One of the be...

What Went Wrong for eastman Kodak Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

What Went Wrong for eastman Kodak - Essay Example Thirdly, Kodak was unable to make the new digital technology to fit coherently with its other capabilities as a core competency. In the subsequent paragraphs in this discussion, Kodak’s approach in these three strategies is compared with IBM’s in order to highlight the ultimate failure of the former and the success of the latter. Kodak rise to dominance in the imaging industry was characterised by it use of a razor-edged strategy. This strategy was implemented by selling cameras at a very low cost, and earning profits from the sale of expensive films. The high margins on film fuelled the company’s profitability and growth to the extent that the company became too dependent on its film business. The problem with this is that the company concentrated on acquiring core competencies on film technologies while it continued to pay less attention to equipment. In spite of pioneering in the field of digital cameras, the company discarded the idea of pursuing future compe titive advantages in that field because of the fear that this would cannibalise its film business (Nate, 2012). According to the resource-based view of strategy, firms that have superior systems and structures are profitable not because they engage in strategic investments that may deter entry and raise prices above long-run costs, but because they have markedly lower costs, or offer markedly higher quality or product performance. However, this strategy is often not enough to sustain significant competitive advantage for long. According to Teece, Pisano and Shuen (1997), winners in the global marketplace have been firms that can demonstrate timely responsiveness and rapid and flexible product innovation, coupled with the management capability to effectively coordinate and redeploy internal and external competences. Kodak’s failure arose from its management’s comfort with its present huge resources and core competencies which prevented them from developing dynamic c apabilities. In 2011 IBM marked its 100 year milestone. As two centenarians, it would be appropriate to compare IBM’s continued success against Kodak’s demise. IBM, like Kodak, has faced the full force of disruptive change on its core business as faster, cheaper and nimbler competitors rapidly ate away its market leadership. In the early 80s IBM introduced the IBM PC that created the first truly mass market for the personal computer (Koehn, 2011). However, within a decade IBM had fallen behind in this market that it had created so much that in the 1992 financial year the company recorded a US$8.10 billion loss (Denning, 2011). Knowing customers intimately In the early 90s when IBM was performing its worst the financial analysts believed the company’s best bet for survival was to break it up and sell it. However, the newly appointed CEO Lou Gerstner overcame that pressure and instead focused on interacting with customers and industry experts in order to under stand IBM’s value-proposition from the customer/market perspective. This exercise enabled the new CEO to identify IBM’s greatest strength to be its ability to provide customer with integrated solutions. As such the organization dropped the earlier desire to split the company. Splitting IBM would have destroyed its unique competitive advantage. Armed with this knowledge Lou Gestner changed IBM strategy to be an enterprise that could understand and provide its customers wide-ranging IT needs. Today, IBM’s Global Services provides the largest share of the company’s revenue (Koehn, 2011). On the other hand, Kodak acted as if it were not affected when Sony introduced the Mavica digital camera.

Property law case of study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Property law case of study - Assignment Example It must be understood however that the ownership over the property or object is not conveyed to the tenant but merely the right of possession which is separate and distinct from ownership. The leasehold contract whether a written or oral agreement, gives rise to demandable rights such as but not limited to delivery of the property or object in good tenantable condition for the purpose it is intended, quiet (Jenkins v. Jackson) and peaceful possession and abatement of any disturbance or intrusion to the enjoyment (Kenny v. Preen) of the property or object and payment and review of rental. Thus, any material violation shall be construed as a breach of contract which ripens to a right to rescind the contract, demand specific performance or restitution by way of damages. In this jurisdiction, lease contracts may be written or oral agreements however it is more legally feasible and expedient to reduce the terms and conditions into writing as it is difficult to prove and substantiate oral agreements. This is appropriate for contracts affecting land, residential or commercial tenancy. It cannot be denied that some of the most contentious issues concerning tenancy relations are payment delays or worse, non-payment, negotiation whether to reduce or increase rental fees pursuant to an acceleration or deceleration clause, extent of repairs or maintenance liability, discriminatory conduct committed by the landlord, fixing of the period and renewal of lease. As a result thereof, it is imperative that the responsibilities and other stipulations binding to the landlord and tenant are specified and delineated in a contract to safeguard their respective rights and avoid any protracted or tedious litigation. Disputes shall nonetheless be resolved and dispensed with by the courts in accordance with the facts and evidence adduced as the arbiter on how the law should be interpreted and applied. II. Factual Antecedents Before any suit is lodged in the courts, it may be prudent for t he parties to discuss and resolve the matter amicably. It may be gleaned that it is in this context that Tomes Limited, a bookshop entity, has sought opinion whether its position against the claims of the landlord is justifiable and equitable. According to the landlord, Tomes is liable to repair and reinforce the structural damage to the joist caused by the weight of the books stacked on the bookshelves and to submit to a rent review. Tomes strongly disagrees and in support of its opposition asserts that the reinforcement work is not cosmetic in nature thus not within the purview of the repairing covenant. The structural engineer commissioned by the landlord even affirmed that the joists may not have been permanently damaged and for this, Tomes insists that any repair or reinforcement must be done for the sole account of the landlord. On the other hand, the rent review is no longer possible as the period has elapsed which should have been exercised on the fifth, tenth and fifteenth years of the twenty-five year contract which commenced on 1 April 1997. It is likewise stipulated that the break clause may be carried out by the tenant only on the sixteenth year by giving notice on the first six months of the fifteenth year of the term. Tomes likewise invoked the Landlord and Tenancy Act of 1954 to govern its leasehold

A Small Apartment Full of Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A Small Apartment Full of Life - Essay Example We lived in this small apartment for three years, and it was considered the gloomiest time of my life. Although this place was physically uncomfortable to live in, it helped me understand a meaningful value of life. While we were living in a small apartment, I realized that physical possessions make our life convenient and comfortable, but sometimes they hinder us from future planning. Before we could move to the small apartment, we lived in a decent-sized three-bedroom house with a beautiful garden that had trees and flowers. We could invite people to our home to brag. We had a spacious bathroom that was big enough to accommodate a bathtub and a laundry machine. While we lived in the big house, I could not undertake house chores, but sometimes when I had confrontations with my father, he would ask me to seek out unwanted plants in the garden as a punishment. Besides living in a big house, I wore quality clothes and shoes which I asked my parents to buy for me. I lived as if these expensive materials are all about life, and they presented me as a valuable person. I had never taken a chance to thank my parents for what they had done for me. Instead, I took it all for granted. I felt confident and proud of having material objects, but the confidence and the material wealth all seemed to deteriorate when the material possessions ended. The shift from a big house to a small apartment was caused by the failure of my father’s business. After working for 15 years for a small appliance company, my father decided to start his own business. He opted to start the factory using inheritance money from his mother to produce organic fruit juice. I remember one day he brought some pear juice in a pouch and asked us to taste it. The juice contained 100% organic fruit juice that was healthy for human consumption. However, the taste of the juice was not that attractive to many of its consumers. Being a father of three children, my father had a noble idea of providing healthy organic fruit juice, which unfortunately was not successful.

Analysis of VP28 Gene in White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection

Analysis of VP28 Gene in White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection Temporal analysis of VP28 gene in White spot syndrome virus infected fresh water crabs Chiin Nei Chinga, Mansi Parihara, R. Sudhakaranb* aSchool of Bioscience and Technology, VIT University, Vellore – 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India. *bAssistant professor, SBST, VIT University, Vellore – 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India. ABSTRACT Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants. Disease emergence is a concern in wild fisheries due to environmental pressures, the direct impact of human activities and the risk of pathogens spread from aquaculture. Common viruses are Taura syndrome virus (TSV), white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), and the necrotizing hepato pancreatitis bacterium (NHP-B). The White Spot Syndrome Virus is the most economically devastating viral pathogen to global shrimp aquaculture production and has been proposed to be capable of infecting all decapod crustaceans. WSSV is an enveloped ellipsoid virus, which belongs to the genus Whispovirus of the family Nimaviridae. VP28 is one of its major envelope proteins, and plays a crucial role in viral infection. In this study, the proteins of the infected crab were purified using SDS page and then Western Blotting was performed to extract that particular protein. The VP28 protein will appear as specific bands in the blot. Keywords:Â  Aquaculture, White spot syndrome virus, VP28, SDS-Page, Western blotting. 1. INTRODUCTION White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the major shrimp pathogen that causes a high mortality rate of 90-100% within 3-10 days of infection (Lightner, 1996). Natural WSSV infections have been found in captured and cultured specimens of the mud crab. WSSV is an enveloped ellipsoid virus, which belongs to the genus Whispovirus of the family Nimaviridae. In addition, WSSV can also infect a wide range of hosts including both decapod and non-decapod animals with more than hundred species described to date. So far, the genome from three different WSSV isolates has been sequenced. Sequence analysis showed that WSSV contains approximately 500 putative open reading frames (ORFs), most of which have no homology with any known genes or proteins in public databases. Till now, more than 50 structural and non-structural proteins were identified. Tools such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested PCR, originally developed by Lo etal., have been widely used and recommended by the Office of International Epizootics (OIE) to be used as standard diagnostic methods for the detection of WSSV. Despite their excellence in specificity and sensitivity, these methods were not suited in some circumstances due to their complications, the requirement of thermal cycler, time-consuming, and labor-intensive. Moreover, the classical agarose gel electrophoresis with ethidium bromide staining, following the visualization under the ultraviolet (UV) transilluminator required to analyze the result of PCR products. Western blotting identifies with specific antibodies proteins that have been separated from one another according to their size by gel electrophoresis. The blot is a membrane of nitrocellulose or PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride). The gel is placed next to the membrane and application of an electrical current induces the proteins in the gel to move to the membrane where they adhere. The membrane is then a replica of the gel’s protein pattern, and is subsequently stained with an antibody. Therefore, these features could be limited their applications, particularly in the resource-limited areas and non-laboratory environments such as at the pond or station sites. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Tissue homogenate preparation: Gills, muscle, hepato pancreas and Head soft tissue from the crab infected with WSSV were homogenized in 1:10 suspension with NTE Buffer. It was then freeze and thaw for three times then centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 5min. The supernatant were collected separately in a tube and stored at -20Â °C. This supernatant was used for protein analysis. 2.2. Protein estimation: Lowry’s method was performed for the estimation of protein in order to know its concentrations (Lowry et al., 1951). 2% sodium carbonate in 0.1N sodium hydroxide (Reagent A) 0.5% copper sulphate in 1% potassium sodium tartrate (Reagent B) Alkaline copper solution: Mixed 50 ml of solution A and 1 ml of B prior to use (reagent C) Folin Ciocalteau reagent (Reagent D) Protein standard stock: 50 mg of bovine serum albumin (fraction V) was weighed and dissolved in distilled water and made up to 50 ml (1 mg/ml) Working standard- diluted 1ml of stock solution to 5 ml with distilled water. (200 Â µg of protein/ml). 2.3. SDS-PAGE: SDS-PAGE is currently used to determine the molecular masses, and also to investigate the subunit composition and the domain structure of proteins. TAE Buffer (1X) was poured in tank which maintain the temperature and pH of the gel. Gel was prepared and protein sample is mixed with bromophenol blue which act as a tracking dye. Then it was loaded into the well and electric current of 50V is applied into the tank which is later on increase to 100V when the dye contacts the resolving gel. When the dye reach the end of the resolving gel it was taken out and stain with the help of Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 (methanol-50 ml, distilled water 40 ml, glacial acetic acid 10 ml) for 1 hour and de-stain the gel by immersing in the de-staining solution (65 ml of distilled water, methanol 10 ml and 25 ml of glacial acetic acid). 2.4. Western blotting: Transferring of the protein into a membrane The membrane can be either nitrocellulose or PVDF. PVDF requires activation with methanol for one minute and is then rinsed with transfer buffer before preparing the stack. After stacking, the electro transfer is carried out for 90 minutes at a constant current of 150 mA set by maintaining the voltage at maximum. Transfer to the membrane and checked using Ponceau Red staining before the blocking step. (PVDF cannot be stained). After ponceau staining, wash the nitrocellulose membrane with TBST for 1 min at room temperature. Blocking and Antibody incubation Block the membrane for 1 hour at room temperature in blocking buffer (10 % milk in TBST). After blocking, incubate the membrane in primary antibody (1:1000 dilutions) in 2.5% milk in TBST overnight at 4Â °C. Wash the membrane for three washes using TBST for 5 minutes each. Incubate the membrane with secondary antibody (1:2000 dilutions) in 2.5% milk in TBST at room temperature for 1 hour. Wash the membrane in three washes of TBST, 5 minutes each. Add ECL reagent (Solution A and B in 1:1 ratio) on to the membrane and spread it thoroughly on to it using a pipette. Remove the excess reagent and place the membrane on to the x-ray cassette and expose to x ray film in the dark room. An initial 10 sec exposure should indicate the proper exposure time because due to the kinetics of the detection reaction, signal is most intense immediately following incubation and declines over the following 2 hrs. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. SDS-PAGE: Fig.1 SDS-PAGE which shows different bands under white light. Lane 1- Gill; Lane 2- HST; Lane 3- Muscle; Lane 4-Hepatopancreas. The polypeptides of purified virus were resolved by SDS-PAGE using discontinuous buffer system. In 12.5% acrylamide gel, the purified virus yielded different polypeptides base on their molecular mass in which lower molecular weight will elute faster as compared to those having higher molecular weight, which were Visualized on Coomassie brilliant blue R 250 staining. 3.2. Western blotting: Fig 2. Western blotting Viral polypeptides separated by SDS-PAGE were electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose membrane (0.22 ÃŽ ¼m) in transfer buffer (192 mM glycine, 25 mM Tris and 20% methanol, pH 8.3), at 0.8 mA/cm2for 1 h. it was later on view by using film to visualize the relative abundance of proteins Discussion By performing SDS-PAGE, (fig.1) we can determined the different molecular weight of polypeptide. The difference in the number of the polypeptide may be attributing due to the difference in concentration of the resolving and other physical conditions. The western blot analysis of proteins of semi-purified white spot syndrome virus separated on 12.5% gel (fig.2) showed different number of immunogenic proteins based on its molecular weight. Out of these, those proteins, which stained more intensely, were considered as major immunogenic proteins. However, further studies are needed to establish its immunogenic nature and feasibility for its use as vaccine. Because electrophoretic separation of proteins is always carried out under denaturing conditions, the problem of solublization, aggregation and co-precipitation of target proteins with adventitious proteins are eliminated. REFERENCES [1] Lowry, O. H., N. J. Rosebrough, A. L. Farr and R. J. Randall (1951): Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 193(1), 265-275. [2] van Hulten, M. C., J. Witteveldt, S. Peters, N. Kloosterboer, R. Tarchini, M. Fiers, H. Sandbrink, R. K. Lankhorst and J. M. Vlak (2001): The white spot syndrome virus DNA genome sequence. Virology, 286(1), 7-22. [3] Seetang-Nun Y, Jaroenram W, Sriurairatana S, Suebsing R, Kiatpathomchai W (2013)Â ­: Visual detection of white spot syndrome virus using DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles as probes combined with loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Mol Cell Probes, 27(2):71-9. [4] Maurice Pagano (1999): Application of electrophoresis and related methods, such as western blotting and zymography to the study of some proteins and enzymes. Analytica Chimica Acta, 83(1–2): 119–125. [4] Lightner, D. V. (1996): A Handbook of Shrimp Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures for Diseases of Cultured Penaeid Shrimp. World Aquaculture Society.

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Idealism in the Knights Tale Essay exampl

Idealism in the Knight's Tale      Ã‚   Despite its glorified accounts of the chivalrous lives of gentlemen, the Knight ¹s Tale proves to be more than a tragically romantic saga with a happy ending. For beneath this guise lies an exploration into the trifling world of the day ¹s aristocratic class. Here, where physical substance is superseded by appearance, reality gives way to disillusioned canon and emotion is sacrificed for honor. Naà ¯ve idealism emerges as the dominant characteristic of the seemingly flawless knight and we, as the reader, are asked to discern the effect of this fanciful quality on the story as a whole.    To further investigate this argument one basic premise must be established as the groundwork: Theseus is the character with whom the knight most closely associates himself. Upholding "trouthe and honour" in their conquests of battle and noble rule, both epitomize the sacred rite of "chivalrie". In the Knight ¹s Tale, nearly all the attributes with which he is praised in the Prologue are directly used in correlation with the duke. Thus, the language and actions of Theseus throughout the story can be superimposed onto the knight. These connections, along with the selective narration of the knight, allow the reader to observe the essence of their gallantry and the disparities that exist in this lifestyle. Undoubtedly Chaucer intended this to be a biting attack on the aristocracy, which to so many seemed impeccable.    Generalized and idyllic, the voice of the narrator offers the first clue into the puzzle of the knight. With well-chosen words, he tiptoes through the plot, careful never to pass any judgement on the characters and their actions. His high language all but excludes ... ...ered a gypon Al bismotered with his habergeon, For he was late ycome from his viage,    Works Cited and Consulted Elbow, Peter. "How Chaucer Transcends Oppositions in the Knight's Tale." Chaucer Review. Vol. 7. No. 2. Ed. Robert Frank. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University, 1972. Finalyson, John. "The Knight's Tale: The Dialogue Of Romance, Epic, And   Philosophy." Chaucer Review. Vol. 27. No. 2. Ed. Robert Frank. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University, 1992. Frost, William. "An Interpretation of Chaucer's Knight's Tale." Chaucer Criticism. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard Schoeck. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1960. Roney, Lois. Chaucer's Knight's Tale and Theories of Scholastic Psychology.  Ã‚   Tampa: University of South Florida Press, 1990. Spearing, A.C. The Knight's Tale. London: Cambridge University Press, 1966.   

The Printing Press

The Printing Press There have been many important inventions over the past millennium. Many of them have helped shape society into what it is today. None however have contributed as much to the world as the printing press has. The printing press was invented in the year 1440 by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, Germany. The printing press consisted of a large press which held plates where movable type could be inserted to spell out entire books page by page. The press was either operated by a large screw or lever which pressed the inked letters onto the sheet of paper.Once done the letters had to be rearranged to make the next page and then repeated for each new page in the book. This process however slow was much faster than the old method of hand writing the books and great deal cheaper as well. The invention of the printing press was the most important invention of the last millennium because it spread ideas throughout Europe, forever altered modern society and it gave the common people power and the chance to become literate. The printing press was the most important invention of the last millennium because it allowed many important ideas and opinions to be more easily widespread to the general public.The printing press helped the spread of ideas through the production of books. The ability to mass produce books and pamphlets helped many political leaders spread their views to the public more easily. These views of the political leaders, good or bad were now accessible to the general public. The ability to read leader’s views and form public opinions helped shape the world into what it is today. Printed books also explored ideas on science and technology which helped bring forth scientific knowledge that shaped the scientific revolution.The press gave freedom to the general public in a new form of expression of thought. People now had a new way of recording their thoughts and sharing it with others. This freedom of expressive print was very liberating for o nes message could reach many in a short time. The printing press invention was important to people in many fields for it allowed the political powers to continue to expand, it provides the opportunity to share scientific knowledge and it allowed the public freedom to share in print format. Modern society was affected in many crucial ways because of the printing press.One of the ways that society is affected by this invention from so many years ago is that it brought about the standardization of spelling and grammar. This was and still is important because it brought about the awareness that in order to properly communicate there would need to be a standardized form of spelling and spelling rules. This set standard form of spelling shaped many languages and made the written communication of them easy in the past and still today. The second way that its affects are noted still today is it helped spread religious views to various corners of the world in print format.The importance of t his is that this source of books such as the bible or other religious books allowed religious views to be read about and shared in the home rather than just being a message listened to at church. It provided common written messages and because of this many religions such as Christianity could be spread easier throughout the world. These religious writings formed a common base for religion to be prevalent today. Another way in which society was affected by the printing press is that it helped the world’s technology advance faster.People could afford to buy factual books and educate themselves through reading. The more educated that people became, the more they searched for ways to make life better with their knowledge they had acquired from reading books. Today’s society still largely relies on written print as a way to gain knowledge. Modern society and its advancement in written language structure religious followings and technologies advancement are rooted in the his tory of the printing press and would look much different today if the printing press had not been invented.The invention of the printing press allowed many ordinary citizens the chance to own a book and learn to read. Before the invention of the printing press the cost and time to make a book limited the owning of a book to the very wealthy. However with the invention of the printing press as well as the newly found knowledge of how to make paper from the Arabs printing books became rather inexpensive and much less time consuming. These important advancements made it so average people could now afford to buy books, people began to learn how to read and therefore more opinions and ideas were spread.Literacy rates improved and with this knowledge it allowed the common peasants power to understand what was happening in their country. This power of being literate was important because it provided them opportunity to plan to make life better for oneself. Today books still have an importa nce for having books and being literate is important because if one can read and understand things in their world it gives one choices of how they can interact with others. The printing press was the most important invention of the last millennium.Its effects were important in 1440 to spread political, scientific and technological ideas. Its effects are still important today in spelling and grammar, religion and in nonfiction education. It gave people power to be owners of printed material and it promoted a desire to learn to educate oneself to read. The printing press was crucial in the advancement of society. Power in written form is a document to learn from and expand from. The printing press allowed societies historical events and ideas to be documented and allowed man to learn from the past to progress the future. The Printing Press The Printing Press There have been many important inventions over the past millennium. Many of them have helped shape society into what it is today. None however have contributed as much to the world as the printing press has. The printing press was invented in the year 1440 by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, Germany. The printing press consisted of a large press which held plates where movable type could be inserted to spell out entire books page by page. The press was either operated by a large screw or lever which pressed the inked letters onto the sheet of paper.Once done the letters had to be rearranged to make the next page and then repeated for each new page in the book. This process however slow was much faster than the old method of hand writing the books and great deal cheaper as well. The invention of the printing press was the most important invention of the last millennium because it spread ideas throughout Europe, forever altered modern society and it gave the common people power and the chance to become literate. The printing press was the most important invention of the last millennium because it allowed many important ideas and opinions to be more easily widespread to the general public.The printing press helped the spread of ideas through the production of books. The ability to mass produce books and pamphlets helped many political leaders spread their views to the public more easily. These views of the political leaders, good or bad were now accessible to the general public. The ability to read leader’s views and form public opinions helped shape the world into what it is today. Printed books also explored ideas on science and technology which helped bring forth scientific knowledge that shaped the scientific revolution.The press gave freedom to the general public in a new form of expression of thought. People now had a new way of recording their thoughts and sharing it with others. This freedom of expressive print was very liberating for o nes message could reach many in a short time. The printing press invention was important to people in many fields for it allowed the political powers to continue to expand, it provides the opportunity to share scientific knowledge and it allowed the public freedom to share in print format. Modern society was affected in many crucial ways because of the printing press.One of the ways that society is affected by this invention from so many years ago is that it brought about the standardization of spelling and grammar. This was and still is important because it brought about the awareness that in order to properly communicate there would need to be a standardized form of spelling and spelling rules. This set standard form of spelling shaped many languages and made the written communication of them easy in the past and still today. The second way that its affects are noted still today is it helped spread religious views to various corners of the world in print format.The importance of t his is that this source of books such as the bible or other religious books allowed religious views to be read about and shared in the home rather than just being a message listened to at church. It provided common written messages and because of this many religions such as Christianity could be spread easier throughout the world. These religious writings formed a common base for religion to be prevalent today. Another way in which society was affected by the printing press is that it helped the world’s technology advance faster.People could afford to buy factual books and educate themselves through reading. The more educated that people became, the more they searched for ways to make life better with their knowledge they had acquired from reading books. Today’s society still largely relies on written print as a way to gain knowledge. Modern society and its advancement in written language structure religious followings and technologies advancement are rooted in the his tory of the printing press and would look much different today if the printing press had not been invented.The invention of the printing press allowed many ordinary citizens the chance to own a book and learn to read. Before the invention of the printing press the cost and time to make a book limited the owning of a book to the very wealthy. However with the invention of the printing press as well as the newly found knowledge of how to make paper from the Arabs printing books became rather inexpensive and much less time consuming. These important advancements made it so average people could now afford to buy books, people began to learn how to read and therefore more opinions and ideas were spread.Literacy rates improved and with this knowledge it allowed the common peasants power to understand what was happening in their country. This power of being literate was important because it provided them opportunity to plan to make life better for oneself. Today books still have an importa nce for having books and being literate is important because if one can read and understand things in their world it gives one choices of how they can interact with others. The printing press was the most important invention of the last millennium.Its effects were important in 1440 to spread political, scientific and technological ideas. Its effects are still important today in spelling and grammar, religion and in nonfiction education. It gave people power to be owners of printed material and it promoted a desire to learn to educate oneself to read. The printing press was crucial in the advancement of society. Power in written form is a document to learn from and expand from. The printing press allowed societies historical events and ideas to be documented and allowed man to learn from the past to progress the future.

Ugly Genes Essays

Ugly Genes Essays Ugly Genes Paper Ugly Genes Paper Why doesnt evolution get rid of ugly people? Based on the precepts of natural selection, species with inferior traits are bound to be wiped out with time, leaving only the fit species to survive and propagate future offspring of the same species. It is paradoxical, however, that some undesirable traits in some species keep on persisting, being passed on from one generation to another, defying the premises upon which natural selection stands. Why is it that the ugly, the unhealthy and the not so smart keep persisting in the world, yet based on the natural selection they are naturally supposed to fade away? The author posits that the not so attractive will logically not pass down their traits as no one would be interested to have them as their mates, the unhealthy will not live long to pass down their inferior traits and the dumb will be at a disadvantage in the acquisition of wealth and financial prosperity necessary to survive and raise a family (Begley, 2007). Looking around, abundant evidence still persists that seem to contr adict with the predictions of this theory of natural selection: ugly people still exist, there are dumb people around and the unhealthy as well. Why is this the case? What makes someone ugly According to the explanation offered by evolutionary genetics, this paradox is as a result of constant mutation of these undesirable traits keep persisting no matter how hard the process of natural selection kicks in to cleanse them. Scientists, however, do admit that the notion of constant mutation is farfetched and that there is a real reason to explain the paradox. Studies conducted at Edinburgh University, Scotland, have attempted to offer an explanation for this paradox; that the genes that are good for males are not desirable for females, and the reverse is also true. The scientists conducted the research on a population of 3,559 red deers inhabiting a Scottish island spanning eighteen generations (Earp, Sandberg, Savulescu, 2012). They documented every detail about the animals, from their fitness levels to their mating cycles to the off springs that managed to survive. The result of the research was contradictory; on average, male red deers with high fitness levels sired off springs with relatively low fitness levels. The reverse also held true; that male deer that had low reproductive success and fitness sired daughters that were relatively successful. This state of affairs could be explained by the fact that traits that are based on genes could have very different effects on males than on females. This analogy could be used to explain features in humans as well: a father might be having a shapely nose that would be expected to be described as hunky on males but not so good on females. As such a father would attract females who desire the desirable trait in the father, the result of their copulation might produce a daughter whose nose is far from shapely. Traits which evolutionary scientists describe as not good for mating in females persist because they are inherited by their sons in their DNA and are propagated when the sons sire their own daughters (Pennisi, 2012). Further studies try to explain the phenomenon of the persistence of undesirable genes despite natural selection. The most prominent one, perhaps, is the existence of the gene for sickle cell disease, which is more rampant in the Mediterranean regions as well as in Africa. Logically, it is expected that the process of natural selection would kick in and eliminate it, but it has not. It emerged that carrying a copy of such a gene would make one more resistant to malaria attacks, which are prevalent in these same regions (Pennisi, 2012). Natural selection essay The author poignantly cautions those who are obsessed with physical traits in the choice of their mates. He points to them that have the tendencies of rejecting their potential mates because they possess less than desirable traits and features, thinking that they would be doing a service for themselves and their future generations through the propagation of superior genes only. Natural selection, as demonstrated by the author, does not really work as people would expect. Although the author uses strong points to paint a picture that natural selection at times fails to eliminate the less desirable traits and that people should think twice before rejecting their potential spouse because they possess somewhat inferior traits, much is left to be desired of this proposition. For one, people have different preferences in selecting their mates and such evidence presented might not be useful in deterring people from overlooking the misfits and opting for the superior in the society. This is perhaps clearly demonstrated in cases where relatively successful individuals, in terms of wealth, success and fame flock together and establish their own families, oblivious of what natural selection might mean to their union. For some, the concept of natural selection does not even strike their radar, as they have already been swept by the love bug, choosing whomever they desire regardless of their genetic composition, whether desirable or not. Furthermore, the concept of natural selection stirs controversy as some closely associate it with evolution which goes against their beliefs. The author uses emotive terms that touch on the core of human characteristics-ugliness, dumbness, and health- to prove a point about natural selection. This, however, might not be well received by all members of the audience as it contravenes to their values and beliefs. Some, for instance, believe that we ate all beautiful and inferior or superior traits are subjective and should therefore not be used as a universal basis for drumming for the process of natural selection. Natural selection and evolutionary theories are refuted by others as they believe in a supreme being whose creations should not be measured, believing that the creator is infinitely wise, and thus no human scale should be used to determine what is desirable or not; only the creator knows (Begley, 2007). There are some cases where natural selection is at work. Research shows that the process is still at work as recent as the 19th century. The study conducted in Finland sought to explore the key signposts of natural selection: those who married and those who did not, those who lived beyond the age of 15, the number of marriages the population under study had, and the number of children sired in each marriage. Half of the study population died before reaching the age of 15, indicating that they possessed traits that did not favor natural selection. As such, none of their genes could not be passed to the next generation. 20 percent of the population did not marry and did not have children, implying that they possessed some undesirable traits that prevented them from obtaining spouses and transmitting their genes to the next generation. The author uses strong pathos, logos, and ethos in driving his point home with regards to the fallacy of natural selection, though evidence still exists that support that the process is still ongoing, despite the argument put forward by the author. References Begley, S. (2007). Why Doesnt Evolution Get Rid of Ugly People?. Newsweek. Retrieved 27 September 2016, from http://europe.newsweek.com/why-doesnt-evolution-get-rid-ugly-people-221992?rm=eu Earp, B., Sandberg, A., ; Savulescu, J. (2012). Natural Selection, Childrearing, and the Ethics of Marriage (and Divorce): Building a Case for the Neuroenhancement of Human Relationships. Philosophy ; Technology, 25(4), 561-587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13347-012-0081-8 Pennisi, E. (2012). Natural Selection Is Still With Us. Science | AAAS. Retrieved 27 September 2016, from sciencemag.org/news/2012/04/natural-selection-still-us

The Popular Mathematical Symbol

The Popular Mathematical Symbol Hashtag: Happy Pi Day (Pi -Mathematical Constant) Commemorating Pi on 3/14/15 The Popular Mathematical Symbol The Greek letter Ï€ or Pi a mathematical symbol equivalent to 3.14159, the ratio of a circle’s circumference in relation to its diameter. Pi fascinated the greatest thinkers of our time and achieved an iconic status in the world of nerds, geeks, and math educators. According to Piday.org, Pi is an â€Å"irrational and transcendental number† but a unique and fascinating number with over a trillion non-repeated digits beyond its decimal point. It is extremely useful measuring trigonometric and geometric shapes such as the area of a circle and volume of a cylinder. Pi is a widely known mathematical constant due to its ubiquity and almost infinite but non-repetitive or patterned digits. The Ï€ symbol first appears in William Jones’ â€Å"Synopsis palmarium mathesis† in 1706 to represent the decimal 3.141592. The reason is that Pi in decimal form is infinite and therefore cannot represent the exact proportion between the diameter and circumference of a circle. The symbol was popularized by Leonhard Euler in 1737 and became a universally accepted symbol for Pi in 1934. Historically, Pi has been a challenged to many mathematicians around the world. For instance, Tsu Chung-Chih, Chinese mathematician computed the first seven digits of Pi in the 5th century. Al-Kashi in Samarkand, on the other hand, improved that further and calculated 2Ï€ in sexagesimal, which is accurate to seventeen decimal places. The variant series of PI was calculated by Indian mathematician Madhava using Gregory-Leibniz series for Ï€ (3,3). Wanna know more? Go here: The Misdemeanors of Well-Educated People in Public Office The Contribution of Academic Institutions in Childrens Well-Being Combining Academic Knowledge and Practicality The Limits of Academic Freedom Is High IQ a Guarantee of Academic Success What We Really Know About Pi Most students can easily recognize the Pi symbol because it reminds them of not only the formula for getting the diameter of a circle but the need to multiply together the series of terms such as Ï€ (4,6,9) = 16. The ability of students to recognize and work with mathematical symbols according to study is a sign of intellectual advancement in mathematics. The reason is that although Pi or Ï€ is often introduced in the upper elementary grades, many people are not aware of the numerical value and uses of Pi. The knowledge that Pi has over a trillion digits was given to us by computer’s superior computational ability. The fascination about Pi pushed scientist and mathematicians to harness the astonishing computational power of modern  computers. Newer techniques have been developed to further accelerate computations of Pi such as FFT or Fast Fourier Transform and computations using supercomputers from NASA’s Ames Research Center and Hitachi. However, these computations only disclosed significant hardware defect and computational errors rather than resolving the ubiquity of Ï€. The mysterious mathematical constant attracted professional scientist, mathematicians, and the lay public. There are hundreds of websites, internet-based clubs, and thousand of online research papers dealing with Pi. Contents of popular books, television shows, and movies are evidence of fascination with Pi. â€Å"Wolf in the Fold†, a Star Trek episode shown in 1967 was about foiling an evil computer by asking it to compute Pi’s last digit. In 1996, MSNBC Network aired a news segment about Pi while the decimal 3.1459 were used in movies such Matrix Reloaded where the Key Maker warns that a door will be accessible after 314 seconds. The mystery of Pi is still unresolved and the fascination that started thousands of years ago is expected to continue along with developments and latest findings of mathematicians and computer scientist in the field of Pi.

Systems and operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Systems and operations Management - Essay Example While a substantial part of the reporting and operational requirements of Atokowa is currently being addressed by the system, the strain of expansion would only exacerbate the situation. If the expansion initiative of Custom Print and the Online Ordering strategy is suspended the growth of Atokowa will be stunted and its spiral decline will commence because the current difficulties in the system will only feed on itself. The initiatives of George Hargreaves and Hayley Atokowa will diversify the revenue stream of Atokowa and at the same time expand the market while widening the client demography of Atokowa. However, implementing it at this time will only triple if not double the operational problems of Atokowa implementing it after the completion of an Enterprise Resource Planning Solution roll-out would be ideal if not the best. ... tokowa brands and Customer Survey 17 References/Bibliography 17 Introduction Atokawa Advantage was founded in 1964 by the father of Jonathan Atokowa from whom he took over the reign of the company. Under the leadership of Jonathan, Atokowa has expanded to several stores all around Australia catering mostly to individual and business customers in and around the locality where Atokowa stores is at. This paper would present the analysis of the operation of Atokowa to determine challenge areas, improvement areas and growth areas. The purpose of the analysis is to recommend solutions that will enable Atokowa to resolve its current issues if there are any and respond to the demands of the ever changing market landscape in the stationary and office supply retail industry. This report shall first present the result of the analysis conducted on the operation of Atokowa that will define in detail the analysis of focus areas. After the analysis of the focus areas an assessment of the focus area shall be concluded for purposes of recommending possible solutions to the challenges posed in the focus area. Due to constraints this paper shall only present the observations in the analysis and not the process in which the analysis was conducted and the observation was arrived at. In summary the analysis in the operation of the focus areas shall be provided in seriatim as it was presented in the report. The conclusion or assessment shall follow afterwards then the recommendations that should be undertaken by the management of Atokowa to resolve its current challenges. Please note that this paper shall only focus on the technological solutions to resolve the operational and management challenges of Atokowa. Analysis of Current Systems and Operations The following focus areas were

Business Law Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Law Case - Essay Example odgers for causing her, intentionally, emotional distress and anguish but the defendants claim that no damage is recoverable unless distress result in physical injury. Infliction of emotional distress exists if an â€Å"extreme and outrageous conduct intentionally or recklessly† results in severe emotional instability in another party (Mann and Rogers 120). A person that causes such a distress assumes liability for the distress and possible consequences of the distress. An act is further said to be reckless if it disregards possible consequences or fails. According to the third restatement, knowledge of possible severe emotional instability and failure to take measures for mitigating effects of the instability and indifference over the possible consequences define recklessness. A person is entitled to damages for severe emotional distress is suffered emotional instability is severe and if an ordinary person would suffer the consequences under normal circumstances. There is no need for proof of physical harm in order to recover damages for emotional distress (Mann and Rogers 120). The case of Ferrell v. Mikula 627 SE2d7 illustrates the rule. In the case, a manager at Ruby Tuesday restaurant ordered a security offers to follow customers who were believed suspected to have left without paying for their orders. This was however a mistake because the target had paid their bills and were confused with two parties who had been excused from making payments. The target were then stopped, handcuffed and placed in police patrol car but later released after confirmation that they had actually paid their bills. The target sued for infliction of emotional distress that was dismissed at the original and appellate court. The court of appeal of Georgia argued that a case for infliction of emotional distress must meet four elements. There must have been intentional of reckless behavior that must further be â€Å"extreme or outrageous† (Mann and Rogers 121). The act must have further

Mid-Term Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mid-Term - Essay Example this title, I will use the term children under concern to refer to children in the United States who include abandoned, orphaned or children separated from one or all of their parents. Before the Civil War, these children were used as servants. Many were traded and shipped to colonial America from England. Most of them provided labor in the farms in exchange for boarding and food. There was little government involvement in their welfare. Mostly they were held under the indenture system. A movement, congregate living movement, just before mid-eighteenth century, fought against the indenture system. The movement held that these children under concern be rehabilitated and mass housed in orphanages like charity-supported almshouse. The first of these facilities in North America got opened in Georgia and was termed â€Å"private orphan asylum†. Most of them were mostly funded by religious charities and mostly white children under age ten were taken in. When the American Revolutionary War ended, seven years in South Carolina there was established the first public orphanage. By this time private ones were being opened up in many places in the United States. In 1838 the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in EX PARTE CROUSE, held that children have needs, not rights, and that the government has to ensure provision of education, protection and care needed by children including those under concern herein. Charles Loring Brace, considered the father of modern foster care, in 1953 founded the New York Children’s Aid Society (NYCAS). This was partly motivated by the fact that orphanages were getting overwhelmed. He oversaw transportation of the children under concern from highly populated to less populated regions of the country. This ran for seventy five years till before start of the Great Depression. Around 1875, states started passing child labor laws in their legislature and got more active in foster care. 1909 then saw the first national conference for children under

Christians Should Not Take Part In Sport Or Shopping Essay Example for Free

Christians Should Not Take Part In Sport Or Shopping Essay The important thing about this statement is that it can be argued two ways. Many people would see sport or shopping as a chore therefore related to work. Others would argue that it is a leisure activity and it is not work. With this in mind the church instated a law saying that all Catholics must attend mass on a Sunday. The Catholic Church itself has no laws or restrictions about shopping or playing sport on a Sunday. By tradition Sunday was the holy day separated and set aside by the fact the mass going was essential to the days activities. In The Old testament there is a saying in the book of Ecclesiastes saying there is a set and provide time for everything which basically means people should balance out there time between things. In todays society were everything is on the move and rushed priorities should be examined and people should use the gift of time wisely. God himself as many believed set down the day of worship. Sunday has three main important events, which coincide with this day. One: Jesus rose from the dead on this day.  Two: Sunday was the first Day of the week and the first day of creation.  Three: Jesus sent down the Holy Spirit On The Pentecost.  Sunday is also a day of celebration when Catholics come together to give praise to God and to thank God for what he has given all of them.  Sport nowadays has become big business for all involved. Among all the big names in sport no one objects to playing on Sundays because of all of the money involved. This is just a small list of all the sports that are being played on Sundays Although sport is played on money for reasons other the money many include because of TV rights and because of sponsors. Christians should not take part on sport on Sunday because sport is seen as work in the churchs eyes. Many values are expressed in sport such as sportsmanship, fairplay etc.  Shopping is the second of the changing faces of Sunday is becoming the most popular one. Many family lifestyles revolve around the parents work and therefore many parents only get to see their children at the weekends. The weekend is often regarded as the days to get the shopping done and many rely on Sunday heavily. Since seven day shopping was legalised in 1977, many have taken advantage over the law. Teresa Murray head of the N. Ireland Region Of Shopping Centres said Sunday Shopping has become like a leisure pursuit for families and has become an important trading day for people in business. Business provides a service and depending on the demand it either succeeds or fails and on Sunday nowadays shopping has become a demand so in order to make money business open for the maximum hours allowed which is six. Many working families dont have much time to spend so end up using Sunday to spend time with there children or getting tings that they could get during the week such as grocery shopping. All the added time spend on Sundays has increased the employment needed for Sundays. Bob Gourley head of N. Ireland Shop Workers Union said they had been opposed to the Sunday trading laws and had in fact boycotted them for many years but however hard they try Sunday trading has become a reality. Our workers only work on Sunday where it is done by agreement

Effects of multitasking on human physiological

Effects of multitasking on human physiological It is believed by scientists that rather than simultaneous attending to all tasks at once, what really happens during multitasking is a rapid change of focus between tasks. While research supports the fact that highly practiced skills can be easily performed while one is thinking about something else, but the addition of a task that requires decision making switches ones attention to that task. When people perform higher level tasks, they are using the cognitive function called executive control This function is housed in prefrontal cortex. The part of the brain associated with perception and thinking. Executive control is the brains supervisor for most cognitive functioning. It establishes priorities, decides what tasks are the most important, and assigns mental resources to completing the tasks. Executive control has 2 main activities: goal shifting and rule activation. Although these activities take only several tenths of a second, the repeated need to switch between tasks can add extra time for performing both tasks. Management of short term memory is another fundamental aspect of multitasking. C:UsersShreyaDesktopmultitasking flowchart_files2780600401001.png Factors affecting multitasking behaviours and information task switching. Brain: We are learning a lot more each day. Advance of brain imaging and functional brain imaging (what our brain does when we challenge it) has clarified us to what happens when we multitask. Our brains are not very adapted for multiple streams of information at the same time but rather focussing at a paticular direction. When we do things that require a great deal of attention as compared to walking while chewing gum what happens is we switch between two things. And with each switch there is cost of performance that occurs. A surprising discovery tells us that people who multitask most frequently think they are the best at it. But actually thay are the worst at any important task at multitasking. One might question then what are the so called multitaskers good at? A study revealed that when we talk on phone while driving we get better at it with time. What actually happens is that they filter out the road as they are involved in a conversation. As ironically high multitaskers are bad at filtering out the road actually see the road more and drive a little better. Swithching of attention occurs in a region right behind the forehead called Brodmanns Area 10 in the brains anterior prefrontal cortex as seen in MRI. Area 10 is part of the frontal lobes, which are important for maintaining long-term goals and achieving them . The most anterior part allows us to leave something when its incomplete and return to the same place and continue from there.This gives us a form of multitasking, which is actually sequential processing. Because the prefrontal cortex is one of the last regions of the brain to mature and one of the first to decline with aging, young children do not multitask well, and neither do most adults over 60. Addiction: Its our desire and need to be engaged to novelty, its well known that novel stimuli or enviorment arouse the reward system and this is part of what allowed us to be engaged by novelty. Multitasking has a higher novel load and to continiously switch to a new task feels exciting. This sort of interaction with multitasking leads to addictive levels in people. And people crave for this type of stimuli. Research reveals that most high multitaskers believe that new information is better than old information.Where as low multitaskers believe that the information they are working with is more valuable.It is seen that younger people look at information because they feel something thrilling is happening out there, for older people who check their e-mails dont want to get away. Stress and hormonal activity: Whenever demands exceed abilities, stress is bound to follow. Multitasking is espicially stressful when the tasks are important, as they often are on the job. Its said that brain responds to impossible demands by pumping out adrenaline and other stress hormones that put a person on edge. These hormoes provide a quick burst of energy wont make multitasking easier. Just like an old pickup cant go 150 miles per hour no matter how much fuel you put in he tank or how hard you step on the gas. Over time of stress of multitasking may even become dangerous. Results show that a steady flow stress hormones can strain the body and threaten the health. As recently reported by the American National Institute for Occupational Saftey and Health, numerous studies found out that on-the-job stress can cause headache, stomach problems and sleep disorders. Chronic work-related problems can lead to chronic problems includind back pain, hear disease and depression. Studies reveal that our bodies release hormone called cortisol during stress, caused due to multitasking. Cortisol is needed to carry out various functions in the body but incresed levels of cortisol results in high BP, sleep problems, weakness of immune system, imbalances in blood sugar levels etc. Thinking: Deep hard thinking, the type required when we write a paprer or read a complicated news story, has been tremendiously compromised . Multitasking either prevents you to do that or wonderfully allows us to avoid it. Hearing: Broadbents theory of selective attention, is based on his dichotic listening experiments that required his subjects to shadow speech messages in one ear while ignoring the messages in the other ear. Broadbent concluded that little if any content from the non attended ear is remembered. From these observations Broadbent proposed that there is limited porcessing channel that information is filtered through from a sensory porcessing stage on its way to a short-term memory store or buffer. From here information may be processed further before being transmitted into a long-term memory store. When this channel becomes over loaded, such as in dichotic listening experiments, some of the information is filtered out while other information is selected for further processing.The filtering mechanism selects inputs based on different physical cues from the stimulus input, such as location in space, and/or frequency. Vocal music can be distracting while instrumental music can aid in learning as it helps funnel out distractions in few people. Memory: Various experiments are conducted where participants are asked to learn a list of words presented visually while listening for the occurrence of certain digit strings presented through the adiutory channel. They are then tested for memory of the word list. Different variations have been investigated including different modalities, the same modalities, task difficulty, the effects of practice, the effects of eother primary or secondary task on performance, and testing during encoding and reterival. Almost without exception performance on one or both tasks suffers a decrement as a direct result of having to perform the two tasks simultaneously. Beeps in study disrupted declerative memory (eg. When we recall what we did last weekend).For tasks performed with distractions hippocampus of the barin was not involved (necessay for processing, storing and recalling information. But infact the straitum was involved. Straitum is a part of brain system that underlies our ability to mearn new skills. Multitasking makes it more likely to rely on striatum to learn. Thus multitasking changes the way people think. Vision: In an investigation performed by Australian College of Road Saftey interaction between visual impairment and multitasking was performed. It revealed that multitasking (like talking on the phone or using in-vehicle navigational devices) had a significant detrimental impact upon driving performances. Multi-tasking further exacerbated the effects of visual impairment, where the visual dual task had a greater detrimental effect on driving performance than the auditory dual task (p Motor activity: An experiment was performed to find out the effects of multitasking on muscle activity . Muscles of the upper extremity were examined.The thesis inspected concurrent grip and shoulder extensions with additional and simultaneous demands of task precision and mental processing. It concluded that incerased mental loads, when combined with physical work, have the potential to interfere with task performance and likely elicit elevated levels of muscle activity. Some research shows the relationship between stimulation and performance forms a bellcurve: a little stimulationwhether its coffee or a blaring soundtrackcan boostperformance, but too much is stressful and causes a fall-off.

The First Generation Of Computers :: essays research papers

The First Generation of Computers The first generation of computers, beginning around the end of World War 2, and continuing until around the year 1957, included computers that used vacuum tubes, drum memories, and programming in machine code. Computers at that time where mammoth machines that did not have the power our present day desktop microcomputers. In 1950, the first real-time, interactive computer was completed by a design team at MIT. The "Whirlwind Computer," as it was called, was a revamped U.S. Navy project for developing an aircraft simulator. The Whirlwind used a cathode ray tube and a light gun to provide interactively. The Whirlwind was linked to a series of radars and could identify unfriendly aircraft and direct interceptor fighters to their projected locations. It was to be the prototype for a network of computers and radar sites (SAGE) acting as an important element of U.S. air defense for a quarter-century after 1958. In 1951, the first commercially-available computer was delivered to the Bureau of the Census by the Eckert Mauchly Computer Corporation. The UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) was the first computer which was not a one-of-a- kind laboratory instrument. The UNIVAC became a household word in 1952 when it was used on a televised newscast to project the winner of the Eisenhower- Stevenson presidential race with stunning accuracy. That same year Maurice V. Wilkes (developer of EDSAC) laid the foundation for the concepts of microprogramming, which was to become the guide for computer design and construction. In 1954, the first general-purpose computer to be completely transistorized was built at Bell Laboratories. TRADIC (Transistorized Airborne

Society with Soul

A Society with Soul â€Å"As the soil, however rich it may be, cannot be productive without cultivation, so the mind without culture can never produce good fruit. † This quote by Seneca, a Roman philosopher, says that nothing good can ever come out of the absence of culture. Throughout history, many have argued that a society stripped of its culture is a society stripped of its soul. In the novel Things Fall Apart, the Ibo people are completely taken of their culture by the white colonialists.Despite a growing pattern of submission to new culture within the tribe, the people never truly lost their soul. The Ibo tribe was invaded by outsiders, their culture threatened with accusations on their way of life, worship, and customs, practically being forced into submission. The Ibo people may have been entirely stripped of their culture, but definitely not of their soul. Due to the colonialists attempting to assimilate the Ibo people, the tribe lost their culture but not the essence of who they are, allowing them to triumph against all odds.The white people pushed to assimilate the Africans, especially in their religion, ultimately tearing families apart and disconnecting the tribe. Obierika even says, â€Å"The white man is very clever. He came quietly and peaceably with his religion. We were amused at his foolishness and allowed him to stay. Now he has won our brothers, and our clan can no longer act like one. He has put a knife on things that held us together and we have fallen apart,† (Achebe 152). As the British colonized the Ibo tribes in Africa, they brought with them their new religion of Christianity.At first these new beliefs were not accepted by the Ibo people, but quickly became a major threat to their old way of life. The appeal of wealth and the flow of money into their village from British traders, in combination with support for the colonialists’ new government and judicial system, eventually attracted many Ibos to convert to Chri stianity. Ibo society was torn in half, with some being lured in by the British, and others staying faithful to traditional Ibo customs.In addition, by the white missionaries seeking to convert children into their religion, there was no one to carry on the tribe’s traditions, resulting in the falling apart of the tribal system. The attempts of the colonialists to assimilate the Africans in religion caused families and the tribe to be divided. Despite these challenges, the tribe did not lose the essence of who they are and stayed true to a lot of the beliefs of their culture. The Ibo people were stripped of their culture by the colonialists, but they never lost their soul.Amidst the invasion of the white people, the Africans still found ways to maintain their beliefs and the essence of who they were. When Okoli killed the sacred python, he clearly went against traditional Ibo customs, but at the same time, he inadvertently reinforced Ibo customs. The Ibo people always look bac k to their culture for guidance and believe in it regardless of outside threats. Because it is all they have ever known, the tribe maintains their peaceful ways by deciding not to drive the Christians out with acts of violence, but rather, by ostracizing them.Soon afterwards, Okoli dies of an illness, which reaffirms the tribe’s trust in their gods. â€Å"His death showed that the gods were still able to fight their own battles,† (Achebe 141) and would rightfully punish those who went against them. It made the tribe realize that the gods were still with them, causing them to repeal the new policy of ostracism towards the converts. Furthermore, n the end, the colonialists may have ultimately drove Okonkwo to kill himself, forcing him to go against his culture, but in doing so, Okonkwo also reminded the tribe of their culture.In taking his own life, he reasserted Ibo beliefs, one of the tribesman even saying, â€Å"It is against our custom,† (Achebe 178) when aske d by the District Commissioner why the tribe could not take Okonkwo down from the tree. The tribesman went on to say, â€Å"It is an abomination for a man to take his own life,† (Achebe 78). In spite of threats to their way of life and a growing disconnection of their tribe, the Ibos remained true to their culture no matter what. In conclusion, the Ibo people never lost what made them who they were despite challenges presented by the British colonialists.The white people’s attempt to assimilate Africans to the Christian faith resulted in the tearing apart of families, the disconnection of the tribe, and subsequently, the loss of the entire Ibo culture. Notwithstanding, the Ibo people did not lose their soul, or the essence of who they are. Regardless of accusations on their way of life and mounted submission to new culture, the Ibo people were undeterred by the threat of invaders. The Ibo tribe was a society entirely stripped of their culture that made it out on the ot her side not stripped of their soul.